Porphyrios (altgriechisch Πορφύριος, latinisiert Porphyrius, ursprünglich syrisch Malik; * um in Tyros; † zwischen und in Rom) war ein antiker Philosoph der neuplatonischen Richtung und namhafter Gelehrter. Er zeichnete sich durch eine außergewöhnliche Bildung und schriftstellerische Produktivität sowie durch die Vielfalt seiner Arbeitsfelder aus Mar 16, · 1. Life and Works. Since Proclus’ extant works contain almost no evidence about his biography, we have to rely on the information transmitted by his direct pupil Marinus of Neapolis in the eulogy he devoted to his predecessor Proclus or on blogger.comer, some scattered remarks on Proclus and valuable information about the schools in Athens and Alexandria can be found in Sep 12, · “Philosophy of Economics” consists of inquiries concerning (a) rational choice, (b) the appraisal of economic outcomes, institutions and processes, and (c) the ontology of economic phenomena and the possibilities of acquiring knowledge of them
Porphyrios – Wikipedia
was daniel hardt dissertation most authoritative philosopher of late antiquity and played a crucial role in the transmission of Platonic philosophy from antiquity to the Middle Ages. Being an exceptionally productive writer, he composed commentaries on Aristotle, Euclid and Plato, systematic treatises in all disciplines of philosophy as it was at that time metaphysics and theology, physics, astronomy, mathematics, ethics and exegetical works on traditions of religious wisdom Orphism and Chaldaean Oracles.
Proclus had a lasting influence on the development of the late Neoplatonic schools not only in Athens, but also in Alexandria, daniel hardt dissertation, where his student Daniel hardt dissertation became the head of the school. In a culture dominated by Christianity, the Neoplatonic philosophers had to defend the superiority of the Hellenic traditions of wisdom.
Continuing a movement that was inaugurated by Iamblichus 4 th c. and the charismatic figure of emperor Julian, and following the teaching of Syrianus, daniel hardt dissertation, Proclus was eager to demonstrate the harmony of the ancient religious revelations the mythologies of Homer and Hesiod, the Orphic theogonies and the Chaldaean Oracles and to integrate them in the philosophical tradition of Pythagoras and Plato.
Towards this end, his Platonic Theology offers a magisterial summa of pagan Hellenic theology. Dodds which provide a systematic introduction into the Neoplatonic metaphysical system. Although a large part of his numerous writings is lost, some major commentaries on Plato have survived though incomplete and some important systematic works. Moreover, later Neoplatonists such as Damascius, Olympiodorus, Simplicius, and Philoponus have conserved many extracts of lost work, but these fragments have never been collected see now, however, Luna—Segonds—Endress Not long after his birth his parents returned to their hometown Xanthos in Lycia, a maritime area of what is now southwest Turkey.
He began his education in Xanthos and moved from there to Alexandria Egypt to pursue the study of rhetoric in order to become a lawyer, as was his father. However, during a journey to Byzantium he discovered philosophy as his vocation. Back in Alexandria he studied Aristotle and mathematics. In —, 18 years old, Proclus moved to Athens, attracted by the fame of the Platonic School there.
He studied for two years under the direction of Plutarch of Athens; to be distinguished from the 1 st —2 nd c. Under Syrianus, Proclus also came into contact with the older traditions of wisdom such as the theology of the Orphics and the Chaldaean Oracles.
Since Syrianus and Proclus worked intensively together for six years, Proclus was strongly influenced by his teacher, daniel hardt dissertation. On many occasions Proclus praises the philosophical achievements of his teacher and he never criticizes him.
His tight schedule of the day, starting with a prayer to the sun at sunrise repeated at noontime and at sunsetincluded lectures, reading seminars, discussions with students, and literary work of his own.
Besides his philosophical activities, Marinus also portrays Proclus as an experienced practitioner of theurgy Life of Proclus§ 28—29; on theurgy see below 3. Though Proclus was in Athens a highly respected philosopher and had some Christian students, he had to be prudent to avoid anti-pagan reactions, daniel hardt dissertation. Marinus tells that he had to go daniel hardt dissertation exile for about one year to Daniel hardt dissertation in Asia to avoid difficulties Life of Proclus § Apart from an impressive teaching-load and several other commitments, daniel hardt dissertation, Proclus wrote every day about lines about 20—25 pages, daniel hardt dissertation.
It is unlikely that Proclus published all of them. See the supplement on. Some of his works have been completely lost, such as his commentaries on Aristotle the Organonof others only a few fragments remain, daniel hardt dissertation. The Platonic Theology is generally considered to be his last work. In writing the Theology Proclus heavily depends on his interpretation of the Parmenides and often refers to his commentary on this dialogue, which must have been finished some time before.
We know from Marinus Life of Proclus §13 that Proclus finished his Commentary on the Timaeus by the age of However, it cannot be excluded that Proclus rewrote or modified it later.
As the Alcibiades came at the beginning of the curriculum in the school, its commentary may also be an early work. The Commentary on the Republic is not a proper commentary, but a collection of several essays on problems and sections in this dialogue. The Tria opuscula all deal with similar topics, but they need not have been composed at the same time. There daniel hardt dissertation plausible arguments to put the second treatise, On What Depends on Ussome years after the events forcing Proclus to go into exile, daniel hardt dissertation.
The first treatise, which in some parts daniel hardt dissertation very much on Plutarch of Chaironea, 1 st —2 nd c. Daniel hardt dissertation also contains daniel hardt dissertation discussion on the nature of evil, which is much simpler than what we find in the treatise On the Existence of Evilswhich is more sophisticated and probably was composed later.
Because of its introductory character, one may be inclined to consider the Elements of Physics as an early work. It may be possible that Proclus daniel hardt dissertation this text several times in his career. This Platonic focus is also evident in the composition of his systematic works.
Proclus probably commented on all dialogues included in the curriculum of the school since Iamblichus. In addition Proclus wrote the commentary on the Republic mentioned above. The curriculum consisted of altogether 12 dialogues distributed into two cycles.
The first cycle started with Alcibiades on self-knowledge and ended with the Philebus on the final cause of everything: the goodcomprising two dialogues on ethics the Gorgias and the Phaedotwo on logic the Cratylus and the Theaetetustwo on physics the Sophist and the Statesmanand two on daniel hardt dissertation the Phaedrus and the Symposium. In the form and method of his commentaries, Proclus is again influenced by Iamblichus.
He assumes that each Platonic dialogue must have one main theme skopos to which all parts of the arguments ought to be related.
Thus, the Timaeus has in all its parts as its purpose the explanation of nature physiologia. More problematic daniel hardt dissertation the determination of the skopos of the Parmenides. In a long discussion with the whole hermeneutical tradition since middle-Platonism, Proclus defends a theological interpretation of the dialogue.
According to him, the dialectical discussion on the One and the Many ta alla reveals the first divine principles of all things. With the exception of the commentary on the Cratylusof which only a selection of notes from the original commentary is preserved, the exegetical works of Proclus have a clear structure. They divide the Platonic text in daniel hardt dissertation lemmata or cited passages, discussing first the doctrine exposed in the particular section pragmatalater called theorianext commenting on the formulation of the argument called lexis [see Festugière ].
This enables them to connect different Platonic dialogues into one system and to see numerous cross-references within the Platonic oeuvre. What may seem to be contradictions between statements made in different dialogues, can be daniel hardt dissertation by different pedagogical daniel hardt dissertation, some dialogues being rather maieutic than expository, some elenctic daniel hardt dissertation the sophistic pseudo-science, some offering a dialectical training to young students.
A Neoplatonic commentary offers much more than a faithful interpretation of an authoritative text of Plato. As was said, the two daniel hardt dissertation dialogues, the Timaeus and the Parmenidesoffer together a comprehensive view of the whole of Platonic philosophy:. The interpretation of the Parmenides thus prepares the way for the Platonic Theologydaniel hardt dissertation the systematic structure for a scientific demonstration of the procession of all the orders of gods from the first principle.
As Proclus explains at Theol. The first part Theol. The second part Theol. Before presenting his own views, Proclus usually critically evaluates the opinions and interpretations of his predecessors, daniel hardt dissertation.
In this respect, his commentaries are a rich and indispensible source for the history of Middle and Neo-Platonism. Thus, in his Commentary on the Timaeus Proclus reports and criticizes the views of Atticus, Numenius, Longinus, Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus, Theodorus of Asine and many others, daniel hardt dissertation, ending usually in full agreement with the explanation of his master Syrianus.
Proclus notes significant differences between the two philosophers in epistemology theory of abstraction vs. De Interpretatione, daniel hardt dissertation. According to Proclus, Plato is not only far superior to Aristotle in his theology as only Plato ascended beyond the intellect to posit the One as the ineffable principle of all thingsbut in all other philosophical disciplines, where we owe to him all important discoveries. Whereas the Peripatetics were accustomed to defend the superiority of Aristotle over Plato with reference to his impressive physical project, Proclus considers the latter as inferior to the great achievement of Plato in the Timaeus see Steel Following Plato, Aristotle explains in his Physics the daniel hardt dissertation principles of natural things: form, matter, daniel hardt dissertation, nature, the essence and principles daniel hardt dissertation movement, time and place; again taking inspiration from the Timaeushe studies in other works the specific principles of the distinct regions of the physical world, thus in the De Caelo the celestial and the sublunary realm, and in On generation and corruption and in Meteorologica the sublunary realm, daniel hardt dissertation.
In this domain, it cannot be denied, Aristotle did much more than his master. Whereas Plato limited himself in the Timaeus to an analysis of the fundamental principles of all living organisms, Aristotle gave most of his attention to the material components of animals and scarcely, daniel hardt dissertation, and only in few cases, did he consider the organism from the perspective of the form.
Plato, on the contrary, when explaining the physical world, never got lost in a detailed examination. They despised innovation kainotomia. There is also overwhelming evidence for continual discussions in the school on the right interpretation of Plato or on certain doctrinal points such as the transcendence of the One, or the question whether the soul wholly descended from the intelligible world.
Yet on many points, he is very critical of Plotinus, pointing to contradictions, rejecting provocative views such as the thesis that One is cause of itself causa suidaniel hardt dissertation, the doctrine of the undescended soul, daniel hardt dissertation, or the identification of evil with matter.
Another radical difference from Plotinus and Porphyry is the importance attributed to theurgy for the salvation of the soul and the authority of Chaldaean Oracles.
One gets the impression that Syrianus was very interested in Orphic theogony, whereas for Proclus the Chaldaean Oracles are more authoritative when developing a Platonic theology. Is Proclus after all then not so original, but only an excellent teacher and wonderful systematizer of the new Platonic doctrines which became dominant in the school since Daniel hardt dissertation on? We shall never know, and it is after all not so important when assessing the philosophical merits of his works.
Surprisingly, daniel hardt dissertation, for all his admiration for the master, he can only enumerate a few innovative doctrines; and they are of such a minor importance that we shall not even discuss them in this article. His Elements of Theology can in fact be considered an introduction to his metaphysics. This elaborate metaphysical framework makes it possible for Proclus to develop a scientific theology, i. However, following a concern of his predecessor Iamblichus for greater precision in the relationship and distinction between the One and Intellect, Proclus distinguishes between the intelligible Being to noêton —what is the object of intellectual intuition and the intellective to noeron —what is intelligizingdaniel hardt dissertation, and introduces between both, as an intermediary level, daniel hardt dissertation noêton-noeron what is being intelligized and intelligizing.
xxii anddaniel hardt dissertation, on possible sources of the doctrine. This redoubled triadic structure must be understood as expressing an intrinsic and essential relation between successive levels of being, daniel hardt dissertation.
The intimate relation between Being, Life, and Intellect is the origin of the basic structure uniting all causes to their effects, namely the relation of immanence, procession and reversion monê-prohodos-epistrophêsee Elem, daniel hardt dissertation.
Another fundamental triad is the triad Unparticipated-Participated-Participating amethekton-metechomenon-metechon. Most pressing was the puzzle: How can a Form be at the same time one and the same and exist as a whole in many participants? see Plato, Parmenides a-b. Proclus, however, also applies this principle to explain the most difficult problem facing Neoplatonic metaphysics, namely, how to understand the procession of the manifold from the One.
Daniel hardt dissertation can the One be wholly without multiplicity, when it must somehow be the cause of any and all multiplicity? The One remains in itself absolutely unparticipated; the many different beings proceeding from it participate in a series of participated henads or unities gods. Even if the doctrine does not originate as such from Iamblichus himself, the existence of the divine henads somehow follows from his law of mean terms. Thus there are no leaps in the chain of being, but daniel hardt dissertation is linked together by similar terms.
The henads fulfill this function, for as participated unities they bridge the gap between the transcendent One and everything that daniel hardt dissertation after it.
The doctrine of the henads can thus be seen as a way of integrating the traditional gods of Greek polytheistic religion into the Neoplatonic metaphysics of the One.
Auxiliary and true causes. From Middle Platonism onwards, various attempts were made to integrate the Aristotelian doctrine of causes within the Platonic philosophy see Steel This system of causes with the addition of the instrumental cause as a sixth became standard in later Neoplatonism. In his commentary on the TimaeusProclus observes that Aristotle never rises to the proper level of causality.
Conversations with History: Michael Hardt
, time: 57:44Proclus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Mar 16, · 1. Life and Works. Since Proclus’ extant works contain almost no evidence about his biography, we have to rely on the information transmitted by his direct pupil Marinus of Neapolis in the eulogy he devoted to his predecessor Proclus or on blogger.comer, some scattered remarks on Proclus and valuable information about the schools in Athens and Alexandria can be found in Porphyrios (altgriechisch Πορφύριος, latinisiert Porphyrius, ursprünglich syrisch Malik; * um in Tyros; † zwischen und in Rom) war ein antiker Philosoph der neuplatonischen Richtung und namhafter Gelehrter. Er zeichnete sich durch eine außergewöhnliche Bildung und schriftstellerische Produktivität sowie durch die Vielfalt seiner Arbeitsfelder aus Lage. Zeulenroda befindet sich im Südosten von Thüringen, unweit der Landesgrenze zum Freistaat Sachsen im Thüringer Schiefergebirge.Südlich liegt der Pöllwitzer Wald und westlich die Talsperre blogger.com hiesigen Böden besitzen einen hohen Feinerdeanteil und einen hohen blogger.com sind unter den klimatischen Bedingungen ertragsstabil. Im Zeulenrodaer Gebiet finden sich Diabas
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