PARK CITY, UTAH — Fifteen emerging storytellers from Chile, India, Kenya, Tunisia and the U.S. will convene digitally for Sundance Institute’s January Screenwriters Lab, taking place online via Sundance Co//ab from January 11–15, The Fellows will work to further develop 12 original projects, in collaboration with an experienced group of creative advisors Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS (8 January – 7 November ) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in This prompted Darwin to publish On the Origin Battle Writers Block and get inspiration for your assignment from our database of model essays, example papers and research documents
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Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS 8 January — 7 November was a British naturalistexplorer, geographer, research essays on sula, anthropologist, biologist and illustrator. Like Darwin, Wallace did extensive fieldwork—first in the Amazon River basinand then in the Malay Archipelagowhere he identified the faunal divide now termed the Wallace Linewhich separates the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts: a western portion in which the animals are largely of Asian origin, and an eastern portion where the fauna reflect Australasia.
He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on research essays on sula geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the "father of biogeography ". Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made many other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection. These included the concepts of warning colouration in animals, and reinforcement sometimes known as the Wallace effecta hypothesis on how natural research essays on sula could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development research essays on sula barriers against hybridisation.
Wallace's book Man's Place in the Universe was the research essays on sula serious attempt by a biologist to evaluate the likelihood of life on other planets. He was also one of the first scientists to write a serious exploration of the subject of whether there was life on Mars.
Aside from scientific work, research essays on sula, he was a social activist who was critical of what he considered to be an unjust social and economic system capitalism in 19th-century Britain.
His advocacy of spiritualism and his belief in a non-material origin for the higher mental faculties of humans strained his relationship with some members of the scientific establishment. His interest in natural history resulted in his being one of the first prominent scientists to raise concerns over the environmental impact of human activity. He was also a prolific author who wrote on both scientific and social issues; his account of his adventures and observations during his explorations in SingaporeIndonesia and MalaysiaThe Malay Archipelagowas both popular and highly regarded.
Since its publication init has never been out of print. Alfred Russel Wallace was born on 8 January in Llanbadoc, research essays on sula, Monmouthshire.
His mother was English, while his father was probably of Scottish ancestry, research essays on sula. His family, like many Wallaces, research essays on sula, claimed a connection to William Wallacea leader of Scottish forces during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century.
He owned some income-generating property, but bad investments and failed business ventures resulted in a steady deterioration of the family's financial position. His mother was from a middle-class Hertford -based family. There he attended Hertford Grammar School until financial difficulties forced his family to withdraw him in when he was aged Wallace then moved to London to board with his older brother John, a year-old apprentice builder.
This was a stopgap measure until William, his oldest brother, was ready to take him on as an apprentice surveyor. While in London, Alfred attended lectures and read books at the London Mechanics Institute current Birkbeck, Research essays on sula of London.
Here he was exposed to the research essays on sula political ideas of the Welsh social reformer Robert Owen and of Thomas Paine. He left London in to live with William and work as his apprentice for six years.
At the end ofthey moved to Kington, Herefordshirenear the Welsh border, before eventually settling at Neath in Wales. Between andWallace did land surveying work in the countryside of the west of England and Wales. One result of Wallace's early travels is a modern controversy about his nationality.
Since Wallace was born in Monmouthshiresome sources have considered him to be Welsh. One Wallace scholar has stated that the most reasonable interpretation is therefore that he was an Englishman born in Wales. After a brief period of unemployment, he was hired as a master at the Collegiate School in Leicester to teach drawing, mapmaking, and surveying. Wallace spent many hours at the library in Leicester: he read An Essay on the Principle of Population by Thomas Robert Malthusand one evening he met the entomologist Henry Bates.
Bates was 19 years old, and in he had published a paper on beetles in the journal Zoologist. He befriended Wallace and started him collecting insects, research essays on sula. After a few months, Wallace found work as a civil engineer for a nearby firm that was working on a survey for a proposed railway in the Vale of Neath.
Wallace's work on the survey involved spending a lot of time outdoors in the countryside, allowing him to indulge his new passion for collecting insects. Wallace persuaded his brother John to join him in starting another architecture and civil engineering firm, research essays on sula, which carried out a number of projects, including the design of a building for the Neath Mechanics' Institutefounded in In the autumn ofJohn and he purchased a cottage near Neath, where they lived with their mother and sister Fanny his father had died in During this period, he read avidly, exchanging letters with Bates about Robert Chambers ' anonymously published evolutionary treatise Vestiges of the Natural History of CreationCharles Darwin's The Voyage of the Beagleand Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology.
Inspired by the chronicles of earlier and contemporary travelling naturalists, including Alexander von HumboldtIda Laura PfeifferCharles Darwin and especially William Henry EdwardsWallace decided that he too wanted to travel abroad as a naturalist. Their intention was to collect insects and other animal specimens in the Research essays on sula Rainforest for their private collections, selling the duplicates to museums and collectors back in Britain in order to fund the trip.
Wallace also hoped to gather evidence of the transmutation of species. Wallace and Bates spent most of their first year collecting near Belémthen explored inland separately, occasionally meeting to discuss their findings. Inthey were briefly joined by another young explorer, botanist Richard Sprucealong with Wallace's younger brother Herbert. Herbert left soon thereafter dying two years later from yellow feverbut Spruce, like Bates, would spend over ten years collecting in South America.
Wallace continued charting the Rio Negro for four years, collecting specimens and making notes on the peoples and languages he encountered as well as the geography, flora, and fauna. After 25 days at sea, the ship's cargo caught fire and the crew was forced to abandon ship.
All of the specimens Wallace had on the ship, mostly collected during the last, and most interesting, two years of his trip, were lost. He managed to save a few notes and pencil sketches and little else. Wallace and the crew spent ten days in an open boat before being picked up by the brig Jordesonwhich was sailing from Cuba to London.
The Jordeson' s provisions were strained by the unexpected passengers, but after a difficult passage on very short rations the ship finally reached its destination on 1 October After his return to the UK, Wallace spent 18 months in London living on the insurance payment for his lost collection and selling a few specimens that had been shipped back to Britain prior to his starting his exploration of the Rio Negro until the Indian town of Jativa on Orinoco River basin and as far west as Micúru Mitú on the Vaupés River.
He was deeply impressed by the grandeur of the virgin forest, by the variety and beauty of the butterflies and birds, and by his first encounter with Indians on the Vaupés River area, an experience he never forgot. During this period, despite having lost almost all of the notes from his South American expedition, he wrote six academic papers which included "On the Monkeys of the Research essays on sula and two books; Palm Trees of the Amazon and Their Uses and Travels on the Amazon.
From toage 31 to 39, Wallace travelled through the Malay Archipelago or East Indies now Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesiato collect specimens for sale and to study natural history. A set of 80 bird skeletons he collected in Indonesia and associated documentation can be found in the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology. Among these, his most trusted assistant was a Malay by the name of Ali who later called himself Ali Wallace.
While Wallace collected insects, many of the bird specimens were collected research essays on sula his assistants including around collected and prepared by Ali.
Wallace collected more thanspecimens in the Malay Archipelago more than 83, beetles alone. Several thousand of them represented species new to science. While he was exploring the archipelago, he refined his thoughts about evolution and had his famous insight on natural selection. In he sent an article outlining his theory to Darwin; it was published, along with a description of Darwin's own theory, in the same year.
Accounts of his studies and adventures there were eventually published in as The Malay Archipelagowhich became one of the most popular books of scientific exploration of the 19th century, research essays on sula, and has never been out of print.
It was praised by scientists such as Darwin to whom the book was dedicatedand Charles Lyell, research essays on sula, and by non-scientists such as the novelist Joseph Conradwho called it his "favorite bedside companion" and used it as source of information for several of his novels, especially Lord Jim.
InWallace returned to England, where he moved in with his sister Fanny Sims and her husband Thomas. While recovering from his travels, research essays on sula, Wallace organised his collections and gave numerous lectures about his adventures and discoveries to scientific societies such as the Zoological Society of London.
Later that year, he visited Darwin at Down Houseand became friendly research essays on sula both Charles Lyell and Herbert Spencer. He also corresponded with Darwin about a variety of topics, including sexual selectionwarning colourationand the possible effect of natural selection on hybridisation and the divergence of species, research essays on sula.
After a year of courtship, Wallace became engaged in to a young woman whom, in his autobiography, he would only identify as Miss L.
Miss L. was the daughter of Lewis Leslie who played chess with Wallace. Wallace had been introduced to Mitten through the botanist Richard Spruce, who had befriended Wallace in Brazil and who was also a good friend of Annie Mitten's father, William Mittenan expert on mosses.
InWallace built the Della house of concrete, on land he leased in Grays in Essex, where he lived until The Wallaces had three children: Herbert —Violet —and William — In the late s and s, research essays on sula, Wallace was very concerned about the financial security of his family.
While he was in the Malay Archipelago, the sale of specimens had brought in a considerable amount of money, which had been carefully invested by the agent who sold the specimens for Wallace. However, on his return to the UK, Wallace made a series of bad investments in railways and mines that research essays on sula most of the money, and he found himself badly in need of the proceeds from the publication of The Malay Archipelago.
Despite assistance from his friends, he was never able to secure a permanent salaried position such as a curatorship in a museum. To remain financially solvent, research essays on sula, Wallace worked grading government examinations, wrote 25 papers for publication between and for various modest sums, and was paid by Lyell and Darwin to help edit some of their own works.
Research essays on sulaWallace needed a £ advance from the publisher of The Geographical Distribution of Animals to avoid having to sell some of his personal property. When the £ annual pension was awarded init helped to stabilise Wallace's financial position by supplementing the income from his writings. John Stuart Mill was impressed by remarks criticising English society that Wallace had included in The Malay Archipelago, research essays on sula.
Mill asked him to join the general committee of his Land Tenure Reform Associationbut the association dissolved after Mill's death in Wallace had written only a handful of articles on political and social issues between and when, at the age of 56, he entered the debates over trade policy and land reform in earnest.
He believed that rural land should be owned by the state and leased to people who would make whatever use of it that would benefit the largest number of people, thus breaking the often-abused power of wealthy landowners in British society. InWallace was elected as the first president of the newly formed Land Nationalisation Society. In the next year, research essays on sula, he published a book, research essays on sula, Land Nationalisation; Its Necessity and Its Aims[40] on the subject, research essays on sula.
He criticised the UK's free trade policies for the negative impact they had on working-class people. Wallace opposed eugenicsan idea supported by other prominent 19th-century evolutionary thinkers, on the grounds that contemporary society was too corrupt and unjust to allow any reasonable determination of who was fit or unfit.
Wallace wrote on other social and political topics including his support for women's suffrageand repeatedly on the dangers and wastefulness of militarism. that all modern wars are dynastic; that they are caused by the ambition, the interests, the jealousies, and the insatiable greed of power of their rulers, or of the great mercantile and financial classes which have power and influence over their rulers; and that the results of war are never good for the people, research essays on sula, who yet bear all its burthens".
that this new horror is "inevitable," and that all we can do is to be sure and be in the front rank of the aerial assassins—for surely no other term can so fitly describe the dropping of, say, ten thousand bombs at midnight into an enemy's capital from an invisible flight of airships. InWallace published a book entitled The Wonderful Century: Its Successes and Its Failures about developments in the 19th century.
The first part of the book covered the major scientific and technical advances of the century; the second part covered what Wallace considered to be its social failures including: the destruction and waste of wars and arms races, the rise of the urban poor and the dangerous conditions in which they lived and worked, a harsh criminal justice system that failed to reform criminals, abuses in a mental health system based on privately owned sanatoriums, the environmental damage research essays on sula by capitalism, and the evils of European colonialism, research essays on sula.
Wallace continued his scientific work in parallel with his social commentary. Inhe published Island Life as a sequel to The Geographic Distribution of Animals. In NovemberWallace began a ten-month trip to the United States to give a series of popular lectures. Most of the lectures were research essays on sula Darwinism evolution through natural selectionbut he also gave speeches research essays on sula biogeographyspiritualism, and socio-economic reform.
During the trip, he was reunited with his brother John who had emigrated to California years before. He also spent a week in Colorado, with the American botanist Alice Eastwood as his guide, exploring the flora of the Rocky Mountains and gathering evidence that would lead him to a theory on how glaciation might explain certain commonalities between the mountain flora of Europe, Asia and North America, which he published in in the paper "English and American Flowers".
He met many other prominent American naturalists and viewed their collections.
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PARK CITY, UTAH — Fifteen emerging storytellers from Chile, India, Kenya, Tunisia and the U.S. will convene digitally for Sundance Institute’s January Screenwriters Lab, taking place online via Sundance Co//ab from January 11–15, The Fellows will work to further develop 12 original projects, in collaboration with an experienced group of creative advisors Nov 13, · Dr. Sula Benet, professor emeritus of anthropology at Hunter College who was an authority on longevity and Eastern European culture, died Many of his essays from Crisis were published in book form under the title The After a decade of research and travel to While she had published The Bluest Eye in and Sula in
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